Answer
Under Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code, anyone who publishes, exhibits, or causes the publication or exhibition of a defamation in writing is responsible for it. Authors, editors, and business managers of a publication are responsible to the same extent as the author.
The same article lets the criminal and civil actions for written defamation be filed together or separately and sets special venue rules for libel. For cyber libel, liability centers on the original author of the online post rather than those who merely receive or react to it.
Sources & further reading
Research aid — not legal advice. Verify the current text against the Official Gazette. Provisions may have been amended or repealed. Using this page creates no attorney-client relationship. For legal advice, consult a Philippine lawyer.