Civil Code Art. 2232: Exemplary damages in contracts and quasi-contracts (1949)

The provision

ARTICLE 2232. In contracts and quasi-contracts, the court may award exemplary damages if the defendant acted in a wanton, fraudulent, reckless, oppressive, or malevolent manner.

Cases applying this article

Francisco v. Ferrer, Jr. G.R. No. 142029 (2001)

Related provisions

Civil Code Art. 2217 — Moral damages — definition
Civil Code Art. 2219 — Moral damages — recoverable cases
Civil Code Art. 2220 — Moral damages for breach of contract in bad faith
Civil Code Art. 2221 — Nominal damages
Civil Code Art. 2231 — Exemplary damages in quasi-delict (gross negligence)

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