Answer
Exemplary (corrective) damages are imposed by way of example or correction for the public good, in addition to moral, temperate, liquidated, or compensatory damages (Civil Code Article 2229). They are never a stand-alone award and cannot be recovered as a matter of right (Article 2233).
The ground depends on the source of the obligation: an aggravating circumstance in a crime (Article 2230); gross negligence in a quasi-delict (Article 2231); or wanton, fraudulent, reckless, oppressive, or malevolent conduct in contracts (Article 2232). The plaintiff must first be entitled to moral, temperate, or compensatory damages (Article 2234).
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