- Statute
- Civil Code
- Article
- Art. 1431
- Topic
- ESTOPPEL
- Status
- In force
- Book
- BOOK IV Obligations and Contracts
- Title
- TITLE IV ESTOPPEL
- Year
- 1949
- Cited by
- Multiple Supreme Court decisions
The provision
Through estoppel an admission or representation is rendered conclusive upon the person making it, and cannot be denied or disproved as against the person relying thereon.
Intellegal Wiki · In plain terms
Under estoppel, once someone makes an admission or representation and another person relies on it, that statement becomes conclusive against the one who made it. They cannot later deny or disprove it to the prejudice of the person who trusted and acted on it.
An editorially maintained plain-language explanation of this provision — not legal advice.
Intellegal Wiki · How the courts apply it
In The Commoner Lending Corporation v. Rafael Balandra, the Supreme Court held: Affirmed the findings of forgery but reversed the legal characterization, holding that an unauthorized encumbrance of conjugal property under Family Code Article 124 is not void in the same way as a Civil Code Article 1409 contract but constitutes a 'continuing offer' that the non-consenting spouse may perfect by acceptance; the respondent's undertaking to settle the loan and his partial payments constituted such acceptance, binding the mortgage under estoppel (Article 1431).
One leading Supreme Court case applying this provision.
Cases applying this article
- Villanueva v. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 84464
- Philippine National Bank v. The Honorable Intermediate Appellate Court (First Civil Cases Division) G.R. No. 66715
- The Commoner Lending Corporation v. Rafael Balandra G.R. No. 247646
- Maria L. Harold v. Agapito T. Aliba G.R. No. 130864
- Kue Cuison v. The Court of Appeals G.R. No. 88539
- Imelda M. Siroy v. Rudolf Lietz G.R. No. 204013
- Theresita v. Jose G.R. No. 201011
- Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue G.R. No. 170257
Other Supreme Court decisions also apply this article.