Answer
From Article 353 of the Revised Penal Code, libel has four elements: (1) a defamatory imputation of a crime, vice, defect, act, omission, condition, or status; (2) publicity — it was made public; (3) malice; and (4) identifiability of the person defamed.
Cyber libel under Section 4(c)(4) of RA 10175 requires the same four elements, plus the added element that the libelous matter was committed through a computer system. Malice is presumed for defamatory imputations under Article 354, except for privileged communications.
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